这一章节侧重一些基本概念和书中用到的一些名词。
所有的操作都提供服务,典型的服务包括:执行新程序、打开文件、读写文件、分配存储区以及获得当前时间等。
其实linux常见的系统调用不是非常多,本书附录A按字符顺序列出了常用系统调用的原型。其实linux的应用编程,一要熟悉linux的基本概念,二要对各系统调用充分了解练习。
口令文件/etc/passwd记录用户的信息,作为登录的依据。以下为该文件的一条内容:
username:x:1000:1000:username,,,:/home/username:/bin/bash
username:用户名
x:加密口令
1000:用户ID
1000:用户组ID
username,,,:注释字段
:/home/username,起始目录,登录后shell默认在此目录
:/bin/bash,该用户使用的shell程序
unix等系统有多种shell,如下表格:
不同发行版本的linux,使用的默认shell不一定是bash,例如Ubuntu,就是用dash,dash与bash支持的script语法不完全一直,有时会导致脚本错误,需要注意bash的设置和切换。
文件系统是目录和文件的一种层次结构,所有的起点称为“根root目录”,即“/”.
目录是一个包含目录项的文件。可以理解成目录本身是个特殊文件,包含很多目录项,每个目录项对应该目录下的一个文件,目录项中包含文件名和文件属性(类型、大小、所有者、权限、修改时间等)信息。
涉及文件系统的知识,后面再深入。
最好不要包含有其他意义的特殊字符,例如shell里的$,路径中的\等,最好由字母、数字、点、横杠-、下划线_等组成。现在的操作系统,一般最少支持255字符的文件名。
绝对路径,/开头
相对路径,没有/开头,从当前目录开始找
working directory,也叫current working derectory,每个进程都有一个工作目录,所有相对路径都是从工作目录开始解释。
可以用chdir()函数改变工作目录。
登录以后的初始目录,/etc/passwd中存储的那个 /home/usrname路径
非负整数,内核标识一个特定进程正在访问的文件。读写接口都用此描述符。
每当运行一个新程序,所有shell都为其打开3个标准文件描述符,分别为:
STDIN:标准输入
STDOUT:标准输出
STDERR:标准错误
默认都指向屏幕,可以重定向 >,>>, <,例如
ls > ls_result_file #ls的标准输出STDOU重定向到ls_result_file中
【收获】:STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR是3个特殊的文件描述符!
open、read、write、lseek、close等函数不带缓冲。
对系统调用的二次封装,为不带缓冲的IO提供缓冲,不用关心buf的大小,常见的函数printf、fgets等。fgets里调用了read,能读取一行,而read以字节为单位。
程序是一个可执行文件,可以被exec函数执行。
程序的执行实体是进程(process),进程的唯一标识是process ID,即PID,是一个非负整数。
有三个主要函数,fork,exec,waitpid
一个进程,一般有一个控制线程thread,但也可以有多个线程。
线程也有ID,但是只在进程内有效,在其他进程内无效多个线程共享进程的地址空间,文件描述符,栈以及进程相关属性。需注意多个线程访问共享资源时的保护线程控制函数与进程类似,是另一套接口有个全局变量errno,操作系统统一定义了若干错误,出错时付给这个变量。例如,open打开文件错误,返回-1,具体错误由errno体现。
#<errno.h>: 定义errno全局变量/* Declare the `errno' variable, unless it's defined as a macro by bits/errno.h. This is the case in GNU, where it is a per-thread variable. This redeclaration using the macro still works, but it will be a function declaration without a prototype and may trigger a -Wstrict-prototypes warning. */#ifndef errnoextern int errno;#endif#经过一级级的include,各个具体错误码定义如下:#asm-generic/errno-base.h:#define EPERM 1 /* Operation not permitted */#define ENOENT 2 /* No such file or directory */#define ESRCH 3 /* No such process */#define EINTR 4 /* Interrupted system call */#define EIO 5 /* I/O error */#define ENXIO 6 /* No such device or address */#define E2BIG 7 /* Argument list too long */#define ENOEXEC 8 /* Exec format error */#define EBADF 9 /* Bad file number */#define ECHILD 10 /* No child processes */#define EAGAIN 11 /* Try again */#define ENOMEM 12 /* Out of memory */#define EACCES 13 /* Permission denied */#define EFAULT 14 /* Bad address */#define ENOTBLK 15 /* Block device required */#define EBUSY 16 /* Device or resource busy */#define EEXIST 17 /* File exists */#define EXDEV 18 /* Cross-device link */#define ENODEV 19 /* No such device */#define ENOTDIR 20 /* Not a directory */#define EISDIR 21 /* Is a directory */#define EINVAL 22 /* Invalid argument */#define ENFILE 23 /* File table overflow */#define EMFILE 24 /* Too many open files */#define ENOTTY 25 /* Not a typewriter */#define ETXTBSY 26 /* Text file busy */#define EFBIG 27 /* File too large */#define ENOSPC 28 /* No space left on device */#define ESPIPE 29 /* Illegal seek */#define EROFS 30 /* Read-only file system */#define EMLINK 31 /* Too many links */#define EPIPE 32 /* Broken pipe */#define EDOM 33 /* Math argument out of domain of func */#define ERANGE 34 /* Math result not representable */ #asm-generic/errno.h:#define EDEADLK 35 /* Resource deadlock would occur */#define ENAMETOOLONG 36 /* File name too long */#define ENOLCK 37 /* No record locks available */#define ENOSYS 38 /* Function not implemented */#define ENOTEMPTY 39 /* Directory not empty */#define ELOOP 40 /* Too many symbolic links encountered */#define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN /* Operation would block */#define ENOMSG 42 /* No message of desired type */#define EIDRM 43 /* Identifier removed */#define ECHRNG 44 /* Channel number out of range */#define EL2NSYNC 45 /* Level 2 not synchronized */#define EL3HLT 46 /* Level 3 halted */#define EL3RST 47 /* Level 3 reset */#define ELNRNG 48 /* Link number out of range */#define EUNATCH 49 /* Protocol driver not attached */#define ENOCSI 50 /* No CSI structure available */#define EL2HLT 51 /* Level 2 halted */#define EBADE 52 /* Invalid exchange */#define EBADR 53 /* Invalid request descriptor */#define EXFULL 54 /* Exchange full */#define ENOANO 55 /* No anode */#define EBADRQC 56 /* Invalid request code */#define EBADSLT 57 /* Invalid slot */#define EDEADLOCK EDEADLK#define EBFONT 59 /* Bad font file format */#define ENOSTR 60 /* Device not a stream */#define ENODATA 61 /* No data available */#define ETIME 62 /* Timer expired */#define ENOSR 63 /* Out of streams resources */#define ENONET 64 /* Machine is not on the network */#define ENOPKG 65 /* Package not installed */#define EREMOTE 66 /* Object is remote */#define ENOLINK 67 /* Link has been severed */#define EADV 68 /* Advertise error */#define ESRMNT 69 /* Srmount error */#define ECOMM 70 /* Communication error on send */#define EPROTO 71 /* Protocol error */#define EMULTIHOP 72 /* Multihop attempted */#define EDOTDOT 73 /* RFS specific error */#define EBADMSG 74 /* Not a data message */#define EOVERFLOW 75 /* Value too large for defined data type */#define ENOTUNIQ 76 /* Name not unique on network */#define EBADFD 77 /* File descriptor in bad state */#define EREMCHG 78 /* Remote address changed */#define ELIBACC 79 /* Can not access a needed shared library */#define ELIBBAD 80 /* Accessing a corrupted shared library */#define ELIBSCN 81 /* .lib section in a.out corrupted */#define ELIBMAX 82 /* Attempting to link in too many shared libraries */#define ELIBEXEC 83 /* Cannot exec a shared library directly */#define EILSEQ 84 /* Illegal byte sequence */#define ERESTART 85 /* Interrupted system call should be restarted */#define ESTRPIPE 86 /* Streams pipe error */#define EUSERS 87 /* Too many users */#define ENOTSOCK 88 /* Socket operation on non-socket */#define EDESTADDRREQ 89 /* Destination address required */#define EMSGSIZE 90 /* Message too long */#define EPROTOTYPE 91 /* Protocol wrong type for socket */#define ENOPROTOOPT 92 /* Protocol not available */#define EPROTONOSUPPORT 93 /* Protocol not supported */#define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 94 /* Socket type not supported */#define EOPNOTSUPP 95 /* Operation not supported on transport endpoint */#define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 /* Protocol family not supported */#define EAFNOSUPPORT 97 /* Address family not supported by protocol */#define EADDRINUSE 98 /* Address already in use */#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 /* Cannot assign requested address */#define ENETDOWN 100 /* Network is down */#define ENETUNREACH 101 /* Network is unreachable */#define ENETRESET 102 /* Network dropped connection because of reset */#define ECONNABORTED 103 /* Software caused connection abort */#define ECONNRESET 104 /* Connection reset by peer */#define ENOBUFS 105 /* No buffer space available */#define EISCONN 106 /* Transport endpoint is already connected */#define ENOTCONN 107 /* Transport endpoint is not connected */#define ESHUTDOWN 108 /* Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown */#define ETOOMANYREFS 109 /* Too many references: cannot splice */#define ETIMEDOUT 110 /* Connection timed out */#define ECONNREFUSED 111 /* Connection refused */#define EHOSTDOWN 112 /* Host is down */#define EHOSTUNREACH 113 /* No route to host */#define EALREADY 114 /* Operation already in progress */#define EINPROGRESS 115 /* Operation now in progress */#define ESTALE 116 /* Stale NFS file handle */#define EUCLEAN 117 /* Structure needs cleaning */#define ENOTNAM 118 /* Not a XENIX named type file */#define ENAVAIL 119 /* No XENIX semaphores available */#define EISNAM 120 /* Is a named type file */#define EREMOTEIO 121 /* Remote I/O error */#define EDQUOT 122 /* Quota exceeded */#define ENOMEDIUM 123 /* No medium found */#define EMEDIUMTYPE 124 /* Wrong medium type */#define ECANCELED 125 /* Operation Canceled */#define ENOKEY 126 /* Required key not available */#define EKEYEXPIRED 127 /* Key has expired */#define EKEYREVOKED 128 /* Key has been revoked */#define EKEYREJECTED 129 /* Key was rejected by service *//* for robust mutexes */#define EOWNERDEAD 130 /* Owner died */#define ENOTRECOVERABLE 131 /* State not recoverable */#define ERFKILL 132 /* Operation not possible due to RF-kill */#define EHWPOISON 133 /* Memory page has hardware error */
通过errno输出字符错误信息。
#include <string.h> char * strerror(int errnum); #通过errno获取一个错误信息的字符串 #include <stdio.h> void perror( const char *msg ) #向stderr上输出错误信息"msg:"+"errno代表的错误信息"
用户ID: user ID,与用户一一对应,在/etc/passwd中有,
用户组ID: group ID,多个用户可以有相同组ID,便于分享文件
附属组ID():允许用户除了组ID,还可以有若干其他组的ID,保存在/etc/group文件里。
【收获】为什么用数字表示用户?历史原因,每个文件都保存该文件的用户ID和用户组ID,如果用字符类型,会占用过多空间,且不易操作,所以用数字,只要两个int就可以了。
signal用于通知进程发生某种情况,信号处理处理有三种方式:
忽略该信号 系统按默认方式处理,如果进程特殊设置,系统就按照默认的方式处理信号 进程提供一个函数,信号发生时调用该值是自1 9 7 0年1月1日0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0以来国际标准时间( U T C)所经过的秒数累计值(早期的手册称 U T C为格林尼治标准时间) ,系统中用time_t类型表示。
也叫CPU时间,用来度量占用的CPU资源。
单位:时钟滴答,系统每秒的滴答数可以通过sysconf获取,曾经取值50/60/100等,用clock_t类型表示;
三个进程时间值:时钟时间real、用户时间user、系统时间sys。时钟时间是整个进程的执行时间,此时间跟进程的数量有关,例如同样一个进程,如果系统中有3个和10个其他进程和的情况下,时钟时间是不一样的,即跟系统的负荷有关系。用户时间是该进程处于用户态时运行的时间。系统时间是该进程进入内核态以后的运行时间。 read >= (user+sys)
:/work/platform-zynq/linux-xlnx-repo-smp$ time -p grep 'xilinx' */*.h real 0.38 user 0.00 sys 0.05real > (user+sys)
C库函数也可以不调用系统调用。
转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/liuwanpeng/p/6241277.html